Markets trade on information. Initial public offerings, or IPOs, can be large events that are popular with investors. An IPO takes place when a new or existing company first issues stock to the public, with the primary goal of raising capital for corporate development.
Listing new equity options
The decision to list a new stock on an exchange rests with the corporation itself and is subject to specific criteria set forth by the exchange. In the case of listing options on a new underlying equity, the procedure is different. Each U.S. equity option exchange has its own criteria for listing options, but they all follow a number of basic rules summarized as:
- The underlying stock must have a minimum of seven million shares of float. Float is the number of shares held by the public, which are not restricted and are freely tradable. Restricted shares could be shares owned by employees or insiders which are "locked up" for a certain period of time.
- The company must have a minimum of 2,000 individual shareholders.
- The stock must list and trade above $3 per share for five consecutive trading days. This means that IPO shares cannot have listed options traded on them until at least five days after the IPO date. The average daily volume of the shares must be above 200,000.
- The stock must trade on a U.S. national market (e.g. NYSE, Nasdaq). Once these general criteria are met, then individual U.S. equity option exchanges can make a business decision on whether or not to list options on the specific underlying equity.
Why trade options on recently listed stocks?
Trading options on recently listed stocks offers the same potential advantages as trading options on any other stock, specifically to participate in the market with limited risk, participate in the market with limited cash outlay, create unique anticipated payoffs, protect profits, and harness leverage (as referenced on the Getting Started page on the Option Industry Council's website).
Investors should also remember an important difference between established stocks and IPO stocks. IPO stocks do not have an existing track record, making it harder for investors to make informed investment decisions. IPOs tend to generate a lot of press coverage, but that is not the same as a track record. IPO stocks can be very volatile. IPO prospectuses can be of some assistance in investor research, as can other third-party research.
Investors establishing a position by buying options can define their maximum risk – the premium that they have paid. This may be useful for volatile underlying instruments like IPO stocks. It is important to remember that there is a time lag between an IPO stock starting to trade and when an option on it could be listed.
If options traders are correct on their directional view, the leverage delivered by an option may further enhance returns. Finally, an important component of options premium is volatility. Rapid changes in volatility will impact the options price, on both the upside and the downside.
Some bullish strategies
If investors are bullish and believe that the IPO stock will increase in price, then they could buy a call. If correct, they will benefit from the appreciation in the stock price. Bear in mind that there are many influences on an option's price, of which the price of the underlying is only one. It is possible that while the price of the underlying rises, volatility might fall, offsetting the impact of the rise in the stock.
Volatility is not the trend of a stock's price, but the divergence from that trend (more information here).
Another way to achieve a similar market positioning is to buy an out-of-the-money call (i.e. with an exercise price above the current market price for the underlying stock). The extent to which the option is out of the money will make the option cheaper, but the stock will have to move higher, above the exercise price, before the position becomes profitable.
An additional options strategy is the bull call spread which involves buying a call at a lower strike, and then selling a call at a higher strike. This can reduce the cost of the strategy, by giving up any upside gains above the higher strike price.
Some bearish strategies
Possible bearish positions are the exact opposite of the ones listed above, namely buy a put (either at the money or out of the money) or buy a bear put spread.
Strategies that expect little price movement
IPOs can be volatile but if an investor thinks that the stock isn't going to move much in price, then writing a straddle or a strangle are possible strategies. However, establishing a net short position can be expensive if the market moves the wrong way and the investor has to pay out more than he or she received to close out the position at a loss.
To establish a short straddle, both a put and a call are sold, at the same at-the-money exercise price. If the underlying stock doesn't move, then the seller will retain the premium received. If the stock rises the call will lose money for the seller. If the stock declines then the short put will lose money.
Establishing a short strangle works in a similar way, but two exercise prices either side of the money are used. Having two exercise prices provides a greater possibility of positive outcomes, but the premium received will also be lower because both options are out of the money.
One final strategy is the short condor, also known as the iron condor, which can be seen as selling a strangle and simultaneously buying an even wider strangle.
To construct a short condor, the investor sells one call while buying another call with a higher strike and sells one put while buying another put with a lower strike. Typically, the call strikes are above and the put strikes below the current level of underlying stock, and the distance between the call strikes equals the distance between the put strikes. All the options must be of the same expiration.
The investor is hoping for the underlying stock to trade in a narrow range during the life of the options. The strategy profits if the underlying stock is inside the inner wings at expiration. Assignment risk – the risk that an option will be exercised by the option buyer and thereby disrupting the strategy – should not be ignored.
In the above example the short options – the "shoulders" in the graph – are subject to exercise at any time. Increased volatility will also have a negative impact on the profitability of the strategy.
IPO stocks have particular characteristics: they can be volatile, have no track record to guide investors, have prospectuses, and they also often attract strong media interest. But they are still stocks. If specific criteria are met, then they may become eligible for having options listed on them. The specific characteristics of options (defined risk for option buyers, leverage, importance of volatility in pricing), mean that they can be well suited for use with IPO stocks.
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Options involve risk and are not suitable for all investors. Individuals should not enter into Options transactions until they have read and understood the risk disclosure document, Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options, which may be obtained from your broker, from any exchange on which options are traded or by visiting www.OptionsEducation.org. None of the information in this post should be construed as a recommendation to buy or sell a security or to provide investment advice. ©2017 The Options Industry Council. All rights reserved.